F = ma
This formula relates force (F), mass (m), and acceleration (a). It's used to calculate the force needed to accelerate an object of a given mass.
KE = 0.5mv²
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Use this formula to calculate the energy a moving object has, based on its mass and velocity.
PE = mgh
Gravitational potential energy depends on an object's mass (m), gravitational acceleration (g), and height (h). Use it to determine stored energy due to elevation.
V = IR
This formula connects voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R). It's essential in electrical circuit calculations.
W = Fd
Work is calculated by multiplying force (F) and displacement (d). It represents the energy transferred when a force moves an object.
P = W/t
Power measures the rate of doing work. Use this formula to calculate how quickly work (W) is done over time (t).
F = -kx
This describes the force (F) exerted by a spring. It's proportional to the displacement (x) and spring constant (k).
p = mv
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. It’s used in analyzing collisions and motion conservation.
J = Ft
Impulse is the product of force and time. It represents a change in momentum caused by a force over a duration.
Fc = mv²/r
This is the force keeping an object moving in a circle. It depends on mass (m), velocity (v), and radius (r).
F = G(m1m2)/r²
Newton’s law of gravitation shows how two masses (m1, m2) attract each other with a force inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
a = (v - u)/t
This equation finds acceleration from the change in velocity (v - u) over time (t).
v = d/t
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement over time. Use this to calculate speed with direction.
ρ = m/V
Density is mass per unit volume. Useful for identifying substances or solving buoyancy problems.
P = F/A
Pressure is the force (F) applied per unit area (A). Important in fluids and mechanical systems.
v = fλ
Wave speed is found by multiplying frequency (f) by wavelength (λ). Used in sound, light, and other wave phenomena.
T = 1/f
This is the time it takes for one cycle of a wave. It is the reciprocal of frequency.
f = 1/T
Frequency is how often a wave passes a point in a second. Reciprocal of the period.
n1 sin(θ1) = n2 sin(θ2)
Describes how light bends when entering a new medium, based on refractive indices and angles of incidence/refraction.
1/f = 1/do + 1/di
Relates the focal length (f) of a lens to the object distance (do) and image distance (di).
M = hi/ho = -di/do
Describes how much larger or smaller an image is compared to the object. Involves image and object distances and heights.
F = k(q1q2)/r²
Describes the electrostatic force between two charges (q1, q2) separated by distance r.
E = F/q
Defines the electric field strength as the force (F) experienced per unit charge (q).
U = qV
Energy stored due to a charge (q) in an electric potential (V).
C = Q/V
Relates charge stored (Q) and voltage (V) across a capacitor to its capacitance (C).
F = qvB sin(θ)
Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field depends on charge, velocity, field strength, and angle.
EMF = -dΦ/dt
Induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux (Φ). Basis for electric generators.
ΔL = αLΔT
Change in length (ΔL) of a material is proportional to its original length (L), temperature change (ΔT), and coefficient α.
PV = nRT
Relates pressure (P), volume (V), moles (n), gas constant (R), and temperature (T). Widely used in thermodynamics.
Efficiency = (Useful Energy Output / Total Energy Input) × 100%
Measures how effectively energy is converted from one form to another.